Which Cytotoxicity Tests are Useful for Prediction of Skin Irritation by Surfactants?
Hajime Kojima, Tomonori Katada and Hiroaki Konishi
Research Laboratories, Nippon Menard Cosmetic Co., Ltd.,2-7 Torimi-cho, Nishi-ku, Nagoya 451-0071, Japan
Correspondence: Hajime Kojima, Ph. D.,
Research Laboratories, Nippon Menard Cosmetic Co., Ltd., 2-7 Torimi-cho, Nishi-ku, Nagoya 451-0071,Japan
TEL:052(531)6269, FAX:052(531)6277
E-mail:KYV06634@niftyserve.ne.jp
Short running title : Prediction of in vitro Skin Irritation Testing
Original paper :AATEX 6(2,3):79-88,2000
Abstract
With the aim to predict human skin irritation, cytotoxicity tests have recently been introduced on a worldwide basis. Many papers have appeared reporting data with reconstituted human dermal models, skin explants and cultured monolayer cells as alternatives to in vivo skin irritation tests. To answer the question which cytotoxicity tests are the most useful for prediction of human skin irritancy, we compared results of MTT assays using rabbit skin explants (3D-Histoculture : organ model), a reconstituted human dermal model (GunzeTM cultured 3-Dimensional Skin Model : 3-D culture model) , cultured monolayers of human dermal fibroblasts (NB1RGB : monolayer cells) , a Draize rabbit primary skin irritation test (Draize rabbit test) and human patch testing with 12 surfactants.
Comparison of in vivo human data with the in vitro test and Draize rabbit test findings did not demonstrate a good correlation. In particular, monolayer cells showed many false positives. The organ model was the most accurate in term of consistence with human patch results, similar in this respect to the Draize rabbit test.
We therefore consider that this organ model is useful to evaluate the potential for causation of human skin irritation by new surfactants.
Keywords: skin irritation, reconstituted human dermal model, skin explants, in vitro, fibroblasts, and surfactants
Effect of Digoxin on Chick Embryos with Hypothyroidism Induced by Thiamazole
Takashi Sugiyama1, Kazuru Saito2, Hideyo Shimada1,2, Kanji Tsuchimoto1,2 and Yuji Yoshiyama3
1Division of Pathophysiology, Center for Clinical Pharmacy and Clinical Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kitasato University,
2Kitasato Institute Hospital,@9-1, Shirokane 5-chome, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
3Division of Clinical Pharmacy, Kyoritsu College of Pharmacy, 1-5-30, Shibakoen, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8512, Japan
Correspondence: Takashi.Sugiyama,Ph.D.
Division of Pathophysiology, Center for Clinical Pharmacy and Clinical Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kitasato University, 9-1, Shirokane 5-chome, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
Tel: +81-3-3444-6161 ext 3231 Fax: +81-3-3446-9036
E-mail: sugiyamat@platinum.pharm.kitasato-u.ac.jp.
Running title: Effect of Digoxin on chick Embryos with hypothyroidism
Original paper :AATEX 6(2,3):89-96,2000
Abstract
Heart failure patients with hypothyroidism show unexpected reactions to cardiovascular drugs. In the present study, we proposed a chick embryonic model of hypothyroidism by injection of thiamazole (TMZ) and investigated whether this model can be used to examine the pharmacological and toxicological effects of cardiovascular drugs. When 1.2 mg/egg or more of TMZ was injected into the albumen of fertile eggs on the 9th day of incubation, the thyroid gland in the 16th day-chick embryos showed the same pathological characteristics as those in mammals. Although the effect of TMZ on the chick embryonic heart was morphologically mild, the heart rates decreased with the increase of dose of TMZ. An injection of digoxin into the TMZ-treated eggs increased the sensitivity of the heart to TMZ compared with that in the embryos treated with digoxin alone at the same dose. These results suggest that the TMZ-treated chick embryonic models can be used to investigate the effects of cardiovascular drugs.
Key words: Chick embryo, hypothyroidism, thiamazole, digoxin, electro-cardiogram
Genetically Engineered Bacterial Cells Expressing Human Cytochrome P450 as an Alternative Tool in the Prediction of Metabolism and Toxicity of Chemicals in Humans
Ken-ichi Fujita, Hirotaka Kushida, Hiroshi Iwata, Akihiro Suzuki,Yoshiyuki Yamazaki, Kazuo Nakayama and Tetsuya Kamataki
Laboratory of Drug Metabolism, Division of Pharmacobio-dynamics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku N12 W6, Sapporo, 060-0812, Japan
Correspondence: Ken-ichi Fujita
Laboratory of Drug Metabolism, Division of Pharmacobio-dynamics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, N12W6 Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0812 JAPAN
Tel.+81-11-706-3234 Fax.+81-11-716-5324
E-mail: fujita@pharm.hokudai.ac.jp
AATEX 6(2,3):97-127,2000
Abstract
Genetically engineered bacterial cells expressing human cytochrome P450 (P450 or CYP) have provided new tools, as an alternative method for experimental animals and human specimens. Using the bacterial system, it is possible to investigate the functions of human P450 in the detoxification or the metabolic activation of various xenobiotics and the metabolism of endogenous compounds. This review focused on the development of bacterial cells expressing human P450, and the application of this system to drug metabolism and toxicological studies. There are many kinds of host cells for the heterologous expression of a form of P450. Among them, bacterial cells including Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Salmonella have advantages with regard to ease of use and the high yield of protein. The modification of the N-terminal amino acid sequence of P450 allowed it to express P450 protein in bacterial cells (Barnes et al., 1991). It was an excellent breakthrough for the establishment of an expression system of P450 using bacterial cells. Since then, many isoforms of human P450 have been successfully expressed in bacterial cells. Many reports that appeared so far have indicated that the P450 enzyme expressed in E. coli after modification of the N-terminus showed considerable catalytic activities in systems reconstituted with NADPH-P450 reductase purified from liver microsomes from appropriate animals. Bacterial cells do not possess endogeneous electron transport systems to support the full catalytic activity of P450 expressed in bacterial cells. Thus, systems co-expressing both P450 and other electron transport enzymes from NADPH or NADH to P450s have been established. The catalytic activities were detected even if the whole cells of bacteria co-expressing P450 with the reductase were used. Recently, these strains of bacteria were applied to analyze the toxicological and pharmacological roles of P450 in humans. For example, we established Salmonella strains harboring human CYP2A6 or CYP2E1 together with the reductase, and clarified that CYP2A6 was responsible for the activation of N-nitrosamines with relatively long alkyl chain(s) such as NNK, NNN and NMPhA, whereas CYP2E1 was involved in the activation of N-nitrosamines with relatively short alkyl chain(s) such as NDMA and NDEA. These strains of bacteria may be useful to study drug metabolism and toxicology in humans, and may be an alternative method to those using experimental animals.
Key words: E.coli, Salmonella Typhimurium, Catalytic Activity, Substrate Specificity, Drug-drug Interraction, Mutation Assay
Abbreviations: 2-AA, 2-aminoanthracene; 2-AAF, 2-acetylaminofluorene; AFB1, aflatoxin B1; B[a]P, benzo[a]pyrene; FAD, flavin adenine dinucleotide; FMN, flavin mononucleotide; IPTG, isopropyl-b-D-thiogalactopyranoside; IQ, 2-amino-3-methylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoline; MeIQ, 2-amino-3,4-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoline; MeIQx, 2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline; NADH, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide reduced form; NADPH, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-reduced form; NDEA, N-nitrosodiethylamine; NDMA, N-nitrosodimethylamine; NMPhA, N-nitrosomethyphenylamine; NNK, 4-(methylnitrosoamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone; NNN, N-nitrosonornicotine; PAH, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon; PhIP, 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine; P450 or CYP, cytochrome P450; TCDD, 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin